Week 2: Microbial activity and biomass
Monday June 26, 2006: Historical developments and biomass
Lecture: Geophysiology: from Pasteur and Hutton via Vernadsky,
Redfield to Lovelock 1) Cybernetics, Homeostasis, Redfield and
Nutrient Control in the Oceans
Essential reading:
Redfield A. C. (1958) The biological control of chemical factors
in the environment. Am. Sci. 46 205-222. (read pages 205 to 211
and mid 217-end, give particular attention to p.211)
Supplementary reading:
Redfield A. C. (1934) On the proportions of organic derivatives
in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton.
Pages 176-192. In: James Johnstone Memorial Volume. University
of Liverpool Press: Liverpool.
Redfield A. C., Ketchum B. H. and Richards F. A.. (1963) The
influence of organisms on the composition of sea water. Pages
26-77. In M. N. Hill and others, editors. The Sea, v. 2. Interscience:
New York and London.
Lenton
T. M. and Watson A. J. (2000) Redfield revisited. Regulation of
nitrate, phosphate and oxygen. Global Biog. Cycles 14 225-248
Lenton
T. M. and Watson A. J. (2000) Redfield revisited. What regulates
the oxygen content of the atmosphere?. Global Biog. Cycles 14
249-268
2) The Biosphere, Climate Stabilization, Lovelock and Daisyworld-(P.J.
le B Williams)
Essential reading:
Watson, A. J and Lovelock, J E. (1983) Biological homeostasis
of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld. Tellus 35B
284-289 (read Sections 1, 3, skip the equations if you wish, 4
& 5)
Supplementary reading:
Lovelock
J. E. (1975) Thermodynamics and the regognition of alien biospheres.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Series B 189 167-181
Lovelock J. E. and Margulis, L. (1974) Atmospheric homeotatsis
by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis. Tellus 26 1-9
Lenton
T. M. (1998) Gaia and natural selection. Nature 394 439-447
Colloquium on “Reporting and Citing in Science”-
P.J. leB. Williams
Massana
et al. (2001) Changes in marine bacterioplankton phylogenetic
composition during incubations designed to measure biogeochemically
significant parameters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 46 1181-1188
Thingstad
et al. (1997). Accumulation of degradable DOC in surface waters:
Is it caused by a malfunctioning microbial loop. Limnol Oceanogr.,
42 398-404 0
Ferguson
et al. (1984) “Response of Marine Bacterioplankton to Differential
Filtration and Confinement”. Appl. Environ. Res., 47 49-55
Tuesday June 27, 2006 - The soil of the sea and organic
matter production
Lecture: The Ocean Carbon Budget: Can we Make Sense from
Nonsense- (P.J. le B Williams)
Essential reading:
del Giorgio, et al. (1997) Respiration rates in bacteria exceed
plankton production in unproductive aquatic systems. Nature 385,
148-151
Duarte, C. M. and Agusti, S. (1998) The CO2 balance of unproductive
aquatic ecosystems. Science. 281 234-236.
Williams, P. J. le B. (1998) The Balance of Plankton Respiration
and Photosynthesis in the Open Oceans. Nature 394 55-57.
Supplementary reading:
Duarte and Prairie (2005) Prevalence of Heterotrophy and Atmospheric
CO2 Emissions from Aquatic Ecosystems. Ecosystems 8 862-870
Serret et al (1999) Seasonal compensation of microbial production
and respiration in a temperate sea. MEPS 187 43-57
Williams, Peter J. le B., Morris Paul J and. Karl David M (2004)
Net Community Production and Metabolic Balance at the Oligotrophic
Ocean Site, Station ALOHA. Deep Sea Res 51: 1563-1578
Karl, D.,M., Laws, E. A., Morris, P, J., Williams, P. J. le B
and Emerson S. (2003) Metabolic balance in the sea. Nature 426
32
Williams, P. J. le B. and Bowers, D. G. (1999) Regional carbon
imbalances in the oceans. Science 284 1735b.
Duarte, C. M., Agusti S, del Giorgio, P. A., and Cole, J. J.
(1999) Regional carbon imbalances in the oceans. Science 284 1735b
Dachs et al., 2005 High atmospheric-ocean exchange of organic
carbon in the NE subtropical Atlantic. Geophys Res Letters 32
L21807
del Giorgio and Williams (2004) Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems
Oxford University Press. Chapter 9, sections 9.2, 9.4 & 9.5
Chapter 14 (PDFs provided)
Lecture: Dissolved Organic Matter- fuel for the microbial
loop - Dan Repeta
Aluwihare,
L.I et al., (1997) "A mojor biopolymeric component to dissolved
organic carbon in surface sea water" Nature, 387 166-169
Carlson,
C.A. (1994) "Anual flux of dissolved organic carbon from
the euphotic zone in the northwestern Sargasso Sea" Nature,
371 405-408
Norman,
B. and Zwelfel, U.L. (1995) Production and utilization of dissolved
organic carbon during an experimental diatom bloom. Limnol. Oceanogr.,
40(5), 898-907
Williams,
P.M and Druffel, R.M (1987) "Radiocarbon in dissolved organic
matter in the Central North Pacific Ocean" Nature, 330 246-248
Repeta,
D.J and Aluwihare, L.I (2006) Radiocarbon analysis of neutral
sugars in high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon: Implications
for organic carbon cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51(2) 312-320
Wednesday June 28, 2006 - Dave Kirchman
Ducklow
H.W. (2003) "Biogeochemical Provinces: Towards a JGOFS Synthesis"
Ocean Biogeochemestry, Chapter 1 3-17
Ducklow
H. (2000) "Bacterial Production and biomass in the oceans"
Microbial Ecology of the Oceans, 85-120
Kirchman
D.L. (2004) "A primer on dissolved organicmaterial and heterotrophic
prokaryotes in the oceans" Kluwer Academic Publishers, 31-63
Malmstrom
R.R. (2005) "Biomass Production and Assimilation of Dissolved
Organic Matter by SAR11 Bacteria in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean"
Applied and Environmentanl Microbiology, 71 2979-2986
Cottrell
M.T. and Kirchman D.L. (2000) "Natural Assemblages of Marine
Proteobacteria and Members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacter Cluster
Consuming Low- and High- Molecular-Weight Dissolved Organic Matter"
Applied and Environmentanl Microbiology, 66 1692-1697
Thursday June 29, 2006 - Production and Respiration
Lecture: Respiration - the dark side of the moon (P.J.
leB. Williams)
Essential reading:
del Giorgio and Williams (2004) Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems
Oxford University Press. Chapter 1, sections 1.2 & 1.4; Chapter
9, sections 9.2 & 9.3
Supplementary reading:
del Giorgio and Williams (2004) Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems
Oxford University Press. Chapter 9, sections 9.2 9.4 & 9.5
Reading material:
Cottrell
M.T. et al. (2006) "Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria
in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and the North Pacific Gyre" Applied
and Environmentanl Microbiology, 72 557-564
Church,
M.J. et al. (2004) "Light Dependence of [3H]Leucine Incorporation
in the Oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean" Applied and Environmentanl
Microbiology, 70 4079–4087
Karl,
D.M. (2002) "Hidden in a sea of microbes" Nature, 415
590-591
Friday June 30, 2006 - Food Webs and Nutrients
Lecture: Let's Build a Planktonic Food web from a set
of Commandments from Physics and Thermodynamics - well and bit
of Biology also - (P.J. le B Williams)
Essential reading:
Kaiser et al (2005) Marine Ecology: Processes, Systems and Impacts.
Oxford University Press Chapter 3 sections 3.2-3.5, 3.8
Saturday July 15, 2006 - Symposium Controls and structure
of the microbial loop
Study material:
Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil,
L. and Thingstad, F. (1983) The ecological role of water column
microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10, 257-263
Pomeroy, L. R. (1974) The oceans food web, a changing paradigm.
Bioscience, 24, 499- 504
Williams, P. J. le B. (1981) Incorporation of microheterotrophic
processes into the classical paradigm of the planktonic food web
Opening lecture to the 15th Symposium of Marine Biology Kieler
Meeresforschung, 5, 1 28
Williams, P. J. le B. (1984) Bacterial production in the marine
food chain: the Emperor's new suit of clothes pp 271 299. In:
Flows of Energy and Material in Marine Ecosystems: Theory and
Practice, [Ed. M J R Fasham]. Plenum Press, NY
Cottrell M.T. et al. (2006) "Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic
Bacteria in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and the North Pacific Gyre"
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72 557-564
Reading Material for Microbial Oceanography
Lectures: |
|
Week
4 |
|
Week 5 |
Week 3 |
Week
6 |
|